For parents

Gentle Parenting: Is It Best?

If you are in social media and follow ‘mumfluencers’ or any parenting accounts, for sure you must have heard of gentle parenting. You may swear by it, you may hate it, or you may not be sure about what it really means.  

Whatever your feelings towards this popular parenting style, do you really know what the research says about it?  

We explain everything you need to know about gentle parenting.  

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[1] Pezalla AE, Davidson AJ (2024) “Trying to remain calm. . .but I do reach my limit sometimes”: An exploration of the meaning of gentle parenting. PLoS ONE 19(7): e0307492. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307492.

[2] Rizzo, K.M., Schiffrin, H.H. & Liss, M. Insight into the Parenthood Paradox: Mental Health Outcomes of Intensive Mothering. J Child Fam Stud  22, 614–620 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9615-z.

[3] Minkin R, Horowitz JM. Parenting in America Today. 

Tips for Your Baby Registry Checklist

We have created the ultimate baby registry checklist, so you don’t need to worry.  

Friends and family will be eager to pick out presents for your baby, so to avoid ending up with 20 onesies, putting together a baby registry list is definitely a good idea. Not sure where to start? You don’t need to worry because we have created the ultimate baby registry list for you.  

Cluster Feeding: What You Should Know

When you are breastfeeding, knowing if your baby is hungry or not, or whether your baby is getting enough milk, often seems like an impossible task![1] And if your baby is cluster feeding, then your confusion can hit the rough. In this article, we give you the clues to deal with cluster feeding.  

What Is Cluster Feeding?

Baby

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[1] Kehinde, J., O'Donnell, C., & Grealish, A. (2023). The effectiveness of prenatal breastfeeding education on breastfeeding uptake postpartum: A systematic review. Midwifery, 118, 103579.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2022.103579.

[2] Kent, J. C., Prime, D. K., & Garbin, C. P. (2012). Principles for maintaining or increasing breast milk production. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 41(1), 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2007.04.007.

[3] Deshpande, W. (2008). Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months. Community Practitioner, 81(5), 34. 

[4] Hjern, A., Lindblom, K., Reuter, A., & Silfverdal, S. A. (2020). A systematic review of prevention and treatment of infantile colic. Acta Paediatrica, 109(9), 1733-1744. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15247.

[5] Yuen, M., Hall, O. J., Masters, G. A., Nephew, B. C., Carr, C., Leung, K., ... & Moore Simas, T. A. (2022). The effects of breastfeeding on maternal mental health: a systematic review. Journal of women's health, 31(6), 787-807.https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2021.0504.

 

What Is Shaken Baby Syndrome?

Few topics are as controversial as Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS). Whereas some medical experts defend that there is enough evidence to support it, others question the diagnosis. Keep reading to discover what shaken baby syndrome is, how to prevent it, and what the controversy is all about.  

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[1] Latino, A. L., Miglioranzi, P., Coppo, E., & Giannotta, F. (2024). Knowing, recognizing, and preventing shaken baby syndrome: The role of primary care pediatrician. Global Pediatrics, 9, 100206.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpeds.2024.100206.

[2] Ludwig, S., & Warman, M. (1984). Shaken baby syndrome: a review of 20 cases. Annals of emergency medicine, 13(2), 104-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(84)80571-5.

[3] Saunders D, Raissaki M, Servaes S et al (2017) Throwing the baby out with the bath water — response to the Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU) report on traumatic shaking. Pediatr Radiol 47: 1386–1389.

[4] Mian, M., Shah, J., Dalpiaz, A., Schwamb, R., Miao, Y., Warren, K., & Khan, S. (2015). Shaken baby syndrome: a review. Fetal and pediatric pathology, 34(3), 169-175. DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2014.999394.

[5] Antonietti, J., Resseguier, N., Dubus, J. C., Scavarda, D., Girard, N., Chabrol, B., & Bosdure, E. (2019). The medical and social outcome in 2016 of infants who were victims of shaken baby syndrome between 2005 and 2013. Archives de Pédiatrie, 26(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2018.10.002.

[6] Lee, C., Barr, R. G., Catherine, N., & Wicks, A. (2007). Age-related incidence of publicly reported shaken baby syndrome cases: is crying a trigger for shaking?. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 28(4), 288-293.10.1097/DBP.0b013e3180327b55.

[7] Sinal, S. H., Petree, A. R., Herman-Giddens, M., Rogers, M. K., Enand, C., & DuRant, R. H. (2000). Is race or ethnicity a predictive factor in shaken baby syndrome?. Child abuse & neglect, 24(9), 1241-1246.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00177-0.

[8] Vinchon M (2017) Shaken baby syndrome: what certainty do we have? Childs Nerv Syst 33:1721–1733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-017-3517-8.

[9] Guthkelch AN. Problems of infant retino-dural hemorrhage with minimal external injury. Houston J Health Law Policy 2012; 201–8, ISSN 1534-7907, http://bit.ly/29b5qqn.  

 

7 Myths About Parental Burnout

All of us parents know that parenthood is both a joyful and a challenging experience, and that we can feel totally stressed out at times.  But what happens if you experience too much stress, for too long, and don’t have the resources to cope with it? That’s when we can develop something called ‘parental burnout’ – when chronic parenting stress leaves us feeling exhausted, disconnected from our children and not being the parent we’d like to be.[1]

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[1] Mikolajczak, M., Aunola, K., Sorkkila, M., & Roskam, I. (2023). 15 years of parental burnout research: Systematic review and agenda. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 32(4), 276-283.https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214221142777.

[2] Roskam, I., & Mikolajczak, M. (2021). The slippery slope of parental exhaustion: A process model of parental burnout. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 77, 101354.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101354.

[3] Roskam, I., & Mikolajczak, M. (2020). Gender differences in the nature, antecedents and consequences of parental burnout. Sex Roles, 83(7), 485-498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01121-5.

[4] Hays, S. (1998). The fallacious assumptions and unrealistic prescriptions of attachment theory: A comment on” Parents’ Socioemotional Investment in Children”. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60(3), 782-790. https://doi.org/10.2307/353546.

[5] Lebert-Charron, A., Dorard, G., Wendland, J., & Boujut, E. (2021). Who are and are not the burnout moms? A cluster analysis study of French-speaking mothers. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 4, 100091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100091.

[6] Mikolajczak, M., Brianda, M. E., Avalosse, H., & Roskam, I. (2018). Consequences of parental burnout: Its specific effect on child neglect and violence. Child abuse & neglect, 80, 134-145.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.025.

[7] Brianda, M. E., Roskam, I., & Mikolajczak, M. (2020). Hair cortisol concentration as a biomarker of parental burnout. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 117, 104681.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104681.

Why Do Babies Like Tags?

Have you ever wondered why your baby is fascinated with tags? What makes these little pieces of satin fabric that detail garment care or label a toy capture your baby’s attention so well – and sometimes even better than the toy itself? 

When my eldest daughter was about 5 months old, I noticed her interest in tags and bought her a Taggies toy: a soft fleece blanket with small loops of satin ribbon in all the colors of the rainbow sewn around it. Can you guess which color my baby liked best? None of them. She went straight for the product tag hiding in between! 

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[1] Needham A, Baillargeon R. Intuitions about support in 4.5-month-old infants. Cognition. 1993 May;47(2):121-48. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(93)90002-d. PMID: 8324998. 

[2] Hespos SJ, Ferry AL, Anderson EM, Hollenbeck EN, Rips LJ. Five-Month-Old Infants Have General Knowledge of How Nonsolid Substances Behave and Interact. Psychol Sci. 2016 Feb;27(2):244-56. doi: 10.1177/0956797615617897. Epub 2016 Jan 7. PMID: 26744069. 

[3] Luo Y, Baillargeon R. When the ordinary seems unexpected: evidence for incremental physical knowledge in young infants. Cognition. 2005 Apr;95(3):297-328. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2004.01.010. Epub 2005 Jan 7. PMID: 15788161; PMCID: PMC3351380. 

[4] Skelton, A.E., Maule, J., & Franklin, A. (2022). Infant color perception: Insight into perceptual development. Child Development Perspectives, 16, 2, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12447.

 

 

Emotionally Based School Avoidance (EBSA): Everything You Need to Know

Emotionally Based School Avoidance is a term first used in 1932 by Broadwin. It has also been called ‘school phobia’, ‘school anxiety’, and ‘school refusal’. In this article, we give you the latest research about it and a guideline to deal with it.  

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1] Halligan C, Cryer S. Emotionally Based School Avoidance (EBSA): Students' Views of What Works in a Specialist Setting. Contin Educ. 2022 May 18;3(1):13-24. doi: 10.5334/cie.38. PMID: 38774292; PMCID: PMC11104314. 

[2] Elliott, J. G. (1999). Practitioner review: School refusal: Issues of conceptualisation, assessment, and treatment. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 40(7), 1001–1012. DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00519.

[3] Taylor, C. (2012). Improving attendance at school. London DFE 

[4] Walter, D., Hautmann, C., Rizk, S., Patermann, M., Sinzig, J., Lehnmuhl, G., & Doepfner, M. (2010). Short term effects of impaired cognitive behavioural treatments of adolescents with anxious-depressed school absenteeism: An observational study. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 835–844. DOI: 10.1007/s00787-010-0133-5.

[5] Bjarnason, T., & Thorlindsson, T. (1994). Manifest predictors of past suicide attempts in a population of Icelandic adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 24(4), 350–358.  

 

Matrescence: Are We Finally Understanding Motherhood?

You may have heard the term ‘matrescence’. This word was first quoted by anthropologist, Dana Raphael, in 1973. However, it was not really picked up until 2023 when a journalist, Lucy Jones, published her book: "Matrescence: On the Metamorphosis of Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Motherhood". If you have not read it, I really recommend it! 

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[1] L. Van den Branden, N. Van de Craen, L. Van Leugenhaege, R. Bleijenbergh, E. Mestdagh, O. Timmermans, B. Van Rompaey, Y.J. Kuipers, On cloud nine? Maternal emotional wellbeing six weeks up to one year postpartum – A cross-sectional study, Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (2023), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2023.100856.

[2] Hutner et al. (eds), Textbook of Women’s Reproductive Mental Health (APA, 2022). 

[3] Hoekzema, E., Barba-Müller, E., Pozzobon, C., Picado, M., Lucco, F., García-García, D., ... & Vilarroya, O. (2017). Pregnancy leads to long-lasting changes in human brain structure. Nature neuroscience, 20(2), 287-296. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4458.

[4] Hoekzema, E., van Steenbergen, H., Straathof, M., Beekmans, A., Freund, I. M., Pouwels, P. J., & Crone, E. A. (2022). Mapping the effects of pregnancy on resting state brain activity, white matter microstructure, neural metabolite concentrations and grey matter architecture. Nature Communications, 13(1), 6931. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4458.

[5] Orchard, E. R., Voigt, K., Chopra, S., Thapa, T., Ward, P. G., Egan, G. F., & Jamadar, S. D. (2023). The maternal brain is more flexible and responsive at rest: effective connectivity of the parental caregiving network in postpartum mothers. Scientific reports, 13(1), 4719. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31696-4.

[6] Carmona, S., Martínez‐García, M., Paternina‐Die, M., Barba‐Müller, E., Wierenga, L. M., Alemán‐Gómez, Y., ... & Hoekzema, E. (2019). Pregnancy and adolescence entail similar neuroanatomical adaptations: A comparative analysis of cerebral morphometric changes. Human brain mapping, 40(7), 2143-2152. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24513 

[7] Pritschet, L., Taylor, C. M., Cossio, D., Faskowitz, J., Santander, T., Handwerker, D. A., ... & Jacobs, E. G. (2024). Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy. Nature Neuroscience, 1-8. 

[8] Orchard ER, Ward PGD, Egan GF, Jamadar SD. Evidence of Subjective, But Not Objective, Cognitive Deficit in New Mothers at 1-Year Postpartum. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2022 Aug;31(8):1087-1096. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0441. PMID: 35980243.

[9] Paternina-Die M, Martínez-García M, Pretus C, Hoekzema E, Barba-Müller E, Martín de Blas D, Pozzobon C, Ballesteros A, Vilarroya Ó, Desco M, Carmona S. The Paternal Transition Entails Neuroanatomic Adaptations that are Associated with the Father's Brain Response to his Infant Cues. Cereb Cortex Commun. 2020 Nov 4;1(1). https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftexcom%2Ftgaa082.

[10] Darby Saxbe, Magdalena Martínez-García, Cortical volume reductions in men transitioning to first-time fatherhood reflect both parenting engagement and mental health risk, Cerebral Cortex, Volume 34, Issue 4, April 2024, bhae126, https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhae126.

Magpie Parenting: What Is It About?

You may have heard about magpie parenting. In this article we tell you what it is and we give you the latest research and advice in case you are thinking of adopting this living arrangement.

What Is Magpie Parenting?

Magpie parenting (also known as bird nest parenting or bird-nesting) is a living arrangement where after a divorce or separation, the kids stay in the family home, while the parents rotate in and out of the property, taking it in turns to take care of the children. 

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[1] Meyer, D. R., Carlson, M. J., & Ul Alam, M. M. (2022). Increases in shared custody after divorce in the United States. Demographic Research, 46, 1137-1162.

[2] https://www.co-oplegalservices.co.uk/media-centre/news-jan-apr-2016/birds-nest-custody-takes-off-in-the-uk/

[3] Augustijn, L. (2021). The relation between joint physical custody, interparental conflict, and children’s mental health. Journal of Family Research, 33(3), 613-636.

[4] Bergström, M., Salari, R., Hjern, A., Hognäs, R., Bergqvist, K., & Fransson, E. (2021). Importance of living arrangements and coparenting quality for young children’s mental health after parental divorce: A cross-sectional parental survey. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 5(1).

[5] Eira Nunes, C., De Roten, Y., El Ghaziri, N., Favez, N., & Darwiche, J. (2021). Co‐parenting programs: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Family Relations, 70(3), 759-776.

What Is Helicopter Parenting? Characteristics and Consequences

Traditionally, the field of psychology talks about four parenting styles: Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful.

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[1] LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does ‘hovering’ matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2011.574038.

[2] Srivastav, D., & Mathur, M. L. (2020). Helicopter parenting and adolescent development: from the perspective of mental health. Parenting-studies by an ecocultural and transactional perspective. 

[3] Kuppens, S., Ceulemans, E. Parenting Styles: A Closer Look at a Well-Known Concept. J Child Fam Stud 28, 168–181 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1242-x.

[4] Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & McLean, R. D. (2021). Longitudinal predictors of helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 9(3), 240-251. 

[5] Vigdal JS, Brønnick KK. A Systematic Review of "Helicopter Parenting" and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression. Front Psychol. 2022 May 25;13:872981. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872981. PMID: 35693486; PMCID: PMC9176408. 

[6] Aznar, A., & Battams, F. (2023). Emotion regulation in emerging adults: Do parenting and parents’ own emotion regulation matter?. Journal of Adult Development, 30(2), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-022-09427-2.

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